Which of the following is true about searches based on consent?

Searches based on consent are indeed valid and can be established through actions or verbal communication. This means that a person doesn't necessarily have to provide consent in writing; their behavior or spoken agreement can serve as sufficient consent for law enforcement to conduct a search. This aspect aligns with the legal principle that consent can be given in various forms, making it a versatile tool for law enforcement officers.

Consent must be voluntary and is judged based on the totality of the circumstances surrounding the request for consent. Thus, if an individual indicates through their actions or words that they agree to a search, that consent is typically adequate for law enforcement purposes. This flexibility is significant, as it allows for more efficient interactions between law enforcement and individuals while respecting Fourth Amendment rights.

The other options either misstate legal requirements regarding consent or limit its application in ways that don't reflect established legal principles. Understanding how consent works in practice is crucial for both law enforcement personnel and citizens to ensure that searches are conducted lawfully and respectfully.