Under what condition can an officer make a warrantless misdemeanor arrest?

An officer is permitted to make a warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor when they directly observe the misdemeanor occurring in their presence. This principle is rooted in the Fourth Amendment, which allows law enforcement to act without a warrant when they witness a crime being committed. The immediate recognition of a crime provides probable cause for the arrest without the need for prior authorization or the investigation that typically accompanies warrant issuance.

In contrast, the other options do not align with established legal standards for warrantless misdemeanors. Seeking permission from a supervisor or relying solely on witness statements or hearsay does not satisfy the requirement for an officer's direct observation necessary to justify an arrest without a warrant. The emphasis on firsthand knowledge serves to preserve public safety while ensuring the rights of individuals are safeguarded under the law.