Under what circumstances can race be considered to justify a stop or arrest?

Race can be considered as a factor justifying a stop or arrest only when it is part of a specific suspect description that law enforcement is acting upon. For instance, if a description of a suspect includes race along with other identifying characteristics, officers may consider these details in conjunction with the totality of circumstances surrounding the case. This ties directly into the principles outlined in the Fourth Amendment, which requires that stops and arrests be reasonable and based on articulable facts, not on race alone or other protected characteristics.

The emphasis on a specific suspect description underscores the necessity of ensuring that race is not used as a standalone justification for law enforcement actions. Instead, it should be connected to additional evidence or information that points to a particular individual. This approach helps guard against racial profiling, ensuring that any action taken is based on legitimate reasons rather than stereotypes or biases.

Understanding this standard is crucial in promoting fair and just law enforcement practices while respecting individuals' constitutional rights.